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William Makepeace Thackeray (; 18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He is famous for his satirical works, particularly ''Vanity Fair'', a panoramic portrait of English society. ==Biography== Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta,〔Calcutta was the capital of the British Indian Empire at the time. Thackeray was born on the grounds of what is now the Armenian College & Philanthropic Academy, on the old Freeschool Street, now called Mirza Ghalib Street.〕 India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 – 13 September 1815), was secretary to the Board of Revenue in the British East India Company. His mother, Anne Becher (1792–1864), was the second daughter of Harriet Becher and John Harman Becher, who was also a secretary (writer) for the East India Company. Richmond, died in 1815, which caused Anne to send her son to England in 1816, while she remained in India. The ship on which he travelled made a short stopover at St. Helena, where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick, and then at Charterhouse School, where he became a close friend of John Leech. Thackeray disliked Charterhouse, and parodied it in his fiction as "Slaughterhouse". Nevertheless, Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse Chapel with a monument after his death. Illness in his last year there, during which he reportedly grew to his full height of six foot three, postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829. Never too keen on academic studies, Thackeray left Cambridge in 1830, but some of his earliest published writing appeared in two university periodicals, ''The Snob'' and ''The Gownsman''. Thackeray then travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle Temple, but soon gave that up. On reaching the age of 21 he came into his inheritance from his father, but he squandered much of it on gambling and on funding two unsuccessful newspapers, ''The National Standard'' and ''The Constitutional'', for which he had hoped to write. He also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks. Forced to consider a profession to support himself, he turned first to art, which he studied in Paris, but did not pursue it, except in later years as the illustrator of some of his own novels and other writings. Thackeray's years of semi-idleness ended after he married, on 20 August 1836, Isabella Gethin Shawe (1816–1893), second daughter of Isabella Creagh Shawe and Matthew Shawe, a colonel who had died after distinguished service, primarily in India. The Thackerays had three children, all girls: Anne Isabella (1837–1919), Jane (who died at eight months old) and Harriet Marian (1840–1875). Thackeray now began "writing for his life", as he put it, turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family. He primarily worked for ''Fraser's Magazine'', a sharp-witted and sharp-tongued conservative publication for which he produced art criticism, short fictional sketches, and two longer fictional works, ''Catherine'' and ''The Luck of Barry Lyndon''. Between 1837 and 1840 he also reviewed books for ''The Times''.〔Gary Simons, "Thackeray's Contributions to the ''Times''", ''Victorian Periodicals Review'', 40:4 (2007, pp. 332–354〕 He was also a regular contributor to ''The Morning Chronicle'' and ''The Foreign Quarterly Review''. Later, through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing for the newly created magazine ''Punch'', in which he published ''The Snob Papers'', later collected as ''The Book of Snobs''. This work popularised the modern meaning of the word "snob". Thackeray was a regular contributor to ''Punch'' between 1843 and 1854.〔(Peter Gray, "''Punch'' and the Great Famine", ''History Ireland'', Summer 1993) )〕 Tragedy struck in Thackeray's personal life as his wife, Isabella, succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child, in 1840. Finding that he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away until September 1840, when he realised how grave his wife's condition was. Struck by guilt, he set out with his wife to Ireland. During the crossing she threw herself from a water-closet into the sea, but she was pulled from the waters. They fled back home after a four-week battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 Isabella was in and out of professional care, as her condition waxed and waned. She eventually deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment from reality. Thackeray desperately sought cures for her, but nothing worked, and she ended up in two different asylums in or near Paris until 1845, after which Thackeray took her back to England, where he installed her with a Mrs Bakewell at Camberwell. Isabella outlived her husband by 30 years, in the end being cared for by a family named Thompson in Leigh-on-Sea at Southend until her death in 1894. 〔Ann Monsarrat, ''An Uneasy Victorian: Thackeray the Man, 1811–1863'', London: Cassell, 1980, pp. 121, 128, 134, 161; John Aplin, ''Memory and Legacy: A Thackeray Family Biography, 1876-1919'', Cambridge: Lutterworth, 2011, pp. 5, 136.〕 After his wife's illness Thackeray became a ''de facto'' widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did pursue other women, however, in particular Mrs Jane Brookfield and Sally Baxter. In 1851 Mr Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years Thackeray's junior whom he met during a lecture tour in New York City in 1852, married another man in 1855. In the early 1840s Thackeray had some success with two travel books, ''The Paris Sketch Book'' and ''The Irish Sketch Book'', the latter marked by hostility to Irish Catholics. However, as the book appealed to British prejudices, Thackeray was given the job of being ''Punch''’s Irish expert, often under the pseudonym Hibernis Hibernior.〔 It was Thackeray, in other words, who was chiefly responsible for ''Punch'''s notoriously hostile and condescending depictions of the Irish during An Gorta Mór (1845–51).〔 Thackeray achieved more recognition with his ''Snob Papers'' (serialised 1846/7, published in book form in 1848), but the work that really established his fame was the novel ''Vanity Fair'', which first appeared in serialised instalments beginning in January 1847. Even before ''Vanity Fair'' completed its serial run Thackeray had become a celebrity, sought after by the very lords and ladies whom he satirised. They hailed him as the equal of Dickens. He remained "at the top of the tree," as he put it, for the rest of his life, during which he produced several large novels, notably ''Pendennis'', ''The Newcomes'' and ''The History of Henry Esmond'', despite various illnesses, including a near-fatal one that struck him in 1849 in the middle of writing ''Pendennis''. He twice visited the United States on lecture tours during this period. Thackeray also gave lectures in London on the English humorists of the eighteenth century, and on the first four Hanoverian monarchs. The latter series was published in book form as ''The Four Georges''. In Oxford he stood unsuccessfully as an independent for Parliament. He was narrowly beaten by Cardwell, who received 1,070 votes, as against 1,005 for Thackeray. In 1860 Thackeray became editor of the newly established ''Cornhill Magazine'', but he was never comfortable in the role, preferring to contribute to the magazine as the writer of a column called ''Roundabout Papers''. Thackeray's health worsened during the 1850s and he was plagued by a recurring stricture of the urethra that laid him up for days at a time. He also felt that he had lost much of his creative impetus. He worsened matters by excessive eating and drinking, and avoiding exercise, though he enjoyed horseback-riding (he kept a horse). He has been described as "the greatest literary glutton who ever lived". His main activity apart from writing was "guttling and gorging".〔(Bee Wilson, "Vanity Fare", ''New Statesman'', 27 November 1998 ). Retrieved 4 January 2014〕 He could not break his addiction to spicy peppers, further ruining his digestion. On 23 December 1863, after returning from dining out and before dressing for bed, he suffered a stroke. He was found dead in his bed the following morning. His death at the age of fifty-two was entirely unexpected, and shocked his family, his friends and the reading public. An estimated 7,000 people attended his funeral at Kensington Gardens. He was buried on 29 December at Kensal Green Cemetery, and a memorial bust sculpted by Marochetti can be found in Westminster Abbey. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William Makepeace Thackeray」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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